Mirror Mirror On the Wall, Mirrors Don't Switch Hands at All

Nearly every kid has asked some variation on the question, "Why do mirrors switch left and right, but not up and down?" Maybe you still ask yourself that question too - it doesn't seem to make sense. After all, there's nothing special about "left and right" vs. "up and down" as far as a mirror goes. If you lean sideways, it still looks like your left and right are being switched, leaving your up and down the same.

That's the clue to solve the mystery: mirrors actually don't reverse left and right, however it may look. It's a common misconception - I've even seen science museum displays say it. If you really want to see what mirrors do, hold your hand up between your face and the mirror with your palm toward the mirror, so that you can see both your hand and its reflection at the same time. You see the back of your hand, but the reflection shows the palm of your hand, a view you aren't able to see without the mirror. The mirror is actually reversing front and back! The front of your hand (the side you see without the mirror) is the back of your hand in the reflection.

We can see why mirrors fool us into thinking left and right are swapped, though: it looks like a second person is standing in the mirror, looking back at us. When you raise your right hand, the mirror person appears to raise her left hand. However, what's really happening is that the mirror person is still raising her right hand, just that the front of your hand is the back of hers, the front of your head is the back of hers, and so forth. If the mirror really flipped left and right, the mirror person would be facing the same way you are: you'd be seeing the back of her head instead of her face!

Concave Mirrors for Makeup and Telescopes

Ordinary bathroom mirrors are flat, but there a kind of mirror that flips left and right as well as front-to-back - but it also reverses up and down, too. This type of mirror is a concave mirror: one like the inside of a polished metal bowl or the cupped part of a soup spoon. Again, you've probably played with making faces into a shiny metal spoon: one side gives you an upside-down reflection. (I'll talk about the other side of the spoon in a little bit - that's a third kind of mirror.) A spoon is kind of an odd shape, since reflecting your image isn't their main purpose, but many makeup and shaving mirrors are closer to being ideal concave mirrors.

The upside-down and backward image you see will always appear smaller than you are, but it will also seem to be closer to the mirror than you are. Unless the mirror is nearly flat, your face will appear to be distorted: a big protruding nose and smaller ears fading in the distance. If you sway left, your image will sway right; if you duck down, your image will bob up. That's how we know the image is truly reversed, unlike the flat mirror! A big concave mirror can be a bit headache-inducing (at least if you're like me): the image looks very strange compared to the image in your bathroom mirror. That's because it's what is known as a real image: it's on the same side of the mirror as your face, so your eyes have a lot of trouble focusing on it. In fact, if you put a piece of paper at the right location, you can actually project the image from a concave mirror onto it.
There's a special distance from the mirror known as the focal length, where the light focuses. A very curved mirror has a small focal length, while one that is nearly flat has a large focal length.(Also, the flatter the mirror, the less distortion you see in the image.) If you stand close to the mirror than its focal length, your image will be right-side up and magnified. That's the real reason many makeup and shaving mirrors are concave: they have large focal lengths, so that your image in the mirror is slightly larger than your actual face - and appears closer to the mirror than your face really is. You can guess the advantage of that: you can see your eyelashes or the contours of your face more clearly.

Let's go beyond the everyday for a bit: if you want to build a really big telescope, a concave mirror is the way to go. Unlike lenses, you don't have to make a telescope out of a single flawless piece of glass: you can make a huge metal dish, or make one big mirror out of a bunch of smaller mirrors in a tile pattern. The Keck telescopes in Hawaii are about 30 feet in diameter (actually 10 meters, to be precise): the width of a large classroom or a substantial house! These mirrors focus light onto a detector, creating the wonderful and often beautiful images astronomers use in their work. The huge size of the mirrors allow observatories to see both farther and with higher resolution than smaller telescopes. (If you're shopping for telescopes, look for words like Newtonian or Cassegrain: those tell you you're looking at a 'scope with a mirror rather than lenses.)

You might have a satellite dish; that's another type of concave mirror, but for radio waves or
microwaves instead of visible light, which is why they don't look like mirrors at first glance. Again, the purpose is to focus the signal from the satellite. Big radio telescopes are also mirrors: the biggest mirror in the world is the Arecibo radio telescope in Puerto Rico: that one is 1000 feet (305 meters) across!

Objects In Mirror Are
Closer Than They Appear

If you still have your spoon from the previous section (and I hope you do - the author is not responsible for lost utensils), turn it around so that your image appears right-side up. This type of mirror is convex: like the flat mirror, it flips back and front, but not left and right. Like the concave mirror, it distorts your image, but makes your face appear farther away than it really is.

As a quick aside: if you have trouble remembering the difference between "convex" and "concave", here's a mnemonic. Concave includes the word "cave": that's a
mirror that bows inward. Convex rhymes with "flex": that's a mirror that bows outward. At least that's how I remember which is which!

The passenger-side mirror of a car bears the message "Objects in mirror are closer than they appear". (Hopefully the object is not a tyrannosaurus.) That mirror is convex, and it's designed to give a wider view of the side and rear of the car than can be done with a flat mirror. The price of the wider field of vision is that objects do end up looking farther away than they really are. You also see convex mirrors in shops, so that the staff can look down aisles out of their direct vision, and in a famous self-portrait by M.C. Escher.

Reflections

We've come a long way in a short time from a basic flat bathroom mirror: we've seen why normal mirrors don't flip left and right, but why concave mirrors do. We connected
makeup mirrors to the biggest telescopes in the world, and shop mirrors to cars. Even better, you probably have all these types of mirror easily accessible, especially if you're willing to goof around with spoons. Try them out, see how they work, and the next time someone tells you that mirrors reverse left-to-right, you can help get them facing back the correct way.

Matthew Francis, Double X Science Physics Editor
@DrMRFrancis